Alexandria's founded by Alexander

Alexandria's founded by Alexander the Great (by year BC): 334 Alexandria in Troia (Turkey) - 333 Alexandria at Issus/Alexandrette (Iskenderun, Turkey) - 332 Alexandria of Caria/by the Latmos (Alinda, Turkey) - 331 Alexandria Mygdoniae - 331 Alexandria (Egypt) - 330 Alexandria Ariana (Herat, Afghanistan) - 330 Alexandria of the Prophthasia/in Dragiana/Phrada (Farah, Afghanistan) - 330 Alexandria in Arachosia (Kandahar, Afghanistan) - 330 Alexandria in the Caucasus (Begram, Afghanistan) - 329 Alexandria of the Paropanisades (Ghazni, Afghanistan) - 329 Alexandria Eschate or Ultima (Khodjend, Tajikistan) - 329 Alexandria on the Oxus (Termez, Afghanistan) - 328 Alexandria in Margiana (Merv, Turkmenistan) - 326 Alexandria Nicaea (on the Hydaspes, India) - 326 Alexandria Bucephala (on the Hydaspes, India) - 325 Alexandria Sogdia - 325 Alexandria Oreitide - 325 Alexandria in Opiene / Alexandria on the Indus (confluence of Indus & Acesines, India) - 325 Alexandria Rambacia (Bela, Pakistan) - 325 Alexandria Xylinepolis (Patala, India) - 325 Alexandria in Carminia (Gulashkird, Iran) - 324 Alexandria-on-the-Tigris/Antiochia-in-Susiana/Charax (Spasinou Charax on the Tigris, Iraq) - ?Alexandria of Carmahle? (Kahnu)

Thursday, August 1, 2019

Italy demands more artwork back from the Getty Museum

Once again, Italy is on the warpath claiming the return of another four artifacts back from the Getty Museum, besides the famous Lysippos mentioned earlier (see: The hassle about the Victorious Youth at the Getty Museum).

This time, the Italian Ministry of Culture is claiming two Roman marble lions that stood in the Palazzo Spaventa in Preturo (near Aquila); a mosaic of Medusa taken from the Museo Nazionale Romano in Rome; and a painting of the Oracle of Delphi from the 19th century that was stolen from the Istituto San Lorenzo in Aversa near Naples during WW2.


As always, endless legal battles are unfolding as both the Getty Museum and the Italians claim they are the rightful owners of these works of art.

In earlier blogs, I pointed out that looting already existed in antiquity (see: Massive plundering of art in the early years of the Roman Empire and Wartime looting in antiquity) and examples of illegal digging and transactions on the black market abound during recent decennia all over the Middle-East (see: Loss of our Cultural Heritage in the Middle-Eastern conflicts), including Syria see: How Syria is Loosing its Precious Heritage), Iraq (see: Museum of Bagdad, what’s new?), and Afghanistan (see: Saving Afghanistan's Incredible Heritage) as well as in other war-thorn countries like Pakistan (see: Hidden treasures in northern Pakistan), Egypt (see: Looting of antiquities in Egypt) or Libya (see: Still hope, though scant, for Libya’s cultural heritage) to name just a few.


Of course, these examples do not justify the claims expressed by either party.

It was and still remains an open question as to what to do with archaeological finds. Leaving them in situ is not always an option, and it may be safer to transfer them inside the protective walls of a museum. Which museum in the end is entitled to safeguard these treasure is another matter for debate. I am afraid there is no clear cut answer to any of these possibilities.

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