Alexander and Roxane (Central Asia 13)

[12 - Maybe the most important event is Alexander’s marriage with beautiful Roxane, daughter of a local Bactrian warlord in early 327 BC.]

During my two weeks stay in Uzbekistan, I had plenty of opportunities to meet the local people, either on the street or in the marketplaces. We frequently were invited to their homes for lunch or dinner and often were treated to their folklore songs and dances. Not that I am so fond of folklore, but this was so different! I immediately associated the music, dances, and costumes with Roxane’s dance in Oliver Stones’ movie “Alexander”. How is that possible? I kept seeing “Roxane” everywhere and mostly because these dancing girls and mannequins I met at the occasional fashion show were extremely beautiful!

Trying to analyze their faces and shapes, I would divide the Uzbek women into three categories: one with clear Mongol or Asiatic traits, one showing influences from Russian occupation, and finally, a minority group of these tall, slender, delicate, and most beautiful creatures I ever saw. There is no doubt in my mind Roxane must have belonged to this latter elite. No wonder that Alexander fell in love at first sight, as some say – although that assumption has been contradicted by others.

As mentioned above, Oxyartes and his family, including Roxane, fell into Alexander’s hands after the siege of the Sogdian Rock. Roxane was a girl of marriageable age, of whom Arrian relates that Alexander’s soldiers used to say that she was the loveliest woman in Asia, with the exception of Darius’ wife. Well, it is obvious that Alexander would not have married an ugly girl, but now that I have seen these young ladies for myself, I fully understand what is meant by speaking of beauty. Yet, whatever Alexander’s feelings were towards her, he must have realized that politically speaking, this marriage could help to smoothen his relations with the Sogdian warlords and, through them, with the entire population. As a captive, the king could have taken the girl without having to marry her, of course. That shows that love was not the only factor Alexander took into consideration.

The wedding ceremony may have been a simple one, but the setting showed Alexander’s sense of grandeur. A lavish banquet was arranged in the high fortress of Chorienes (I suppose because they had plenty of food?). In accordance with Persian customs (still used in today’s Turkestan), a loaf of bread was split in two, and bride and groom ate their half before all the guests were present as a symbol of their match. For those who don’t know, Roxane in Persian (Farsi) means “little star”. Yes, the Great King, now 28 years old, married for the first time and took a girl of little significance, except politically, I suppose.

[picture from Oliver Stone's movie]

How unique then to find a miniature of this wedding in the streets of Bukhara. Iskander, as Alexander is called in the East, and Roxane sitting under a canopy surrounded by courtiers and musicians in a spring garden. I just wonder what the Arabic inscription underneath could reveal.

Coming to think of it, Roxane’s destiny was a sad one. She was never accepted in the world of her new husband, which since a young age, she learned to fear and maybe even to hate. As Queen Roxane, she found herself caught up in a strange and foreign world, never to see her homeland again. When she finally carried Alexander’s child, her husband died without knowing she would give him the much-needed heir to the throne. In spite of Queen Olympias’ protection, she finally succumbed to Cassander’s thirst for might and power. She was murdered in 310 BC, and so was her son, Alexander IV.

Click here to read Episode 14 of  Central Asia

Sogdian Rocks and Alexander’s Fort in Nurata (Central Asia 12a)

[11a - In early 327 BC, Alexander attacks the Sogdian Rocks of Ariamazes (= Sogdian) and Chorienes (= Sisimithres). Arrian and Curtius disagree on the location and the chronology.]

Having spent the harshest part of the winter 328/327 BC in either Maracanda or Nautaca, Alexander set out to capture the last mountain fortresses, the last sites of opposition in his eyes. We know that he passed the location of the Branchidae massacre of the year before. Nearby, he found a mountain stronghold sheltering some thirty thousand people, allegedly with ample supplies. The king sent an envoy up the high precipitous rock to parley the rebels into surrender, but Ariamazes, the commander, refused and simply dared the king’s army to come after him “if they could fly.” Well, we know they could, as Alexander sent up some three hundred volunteers to climb the back of the sheer mountain – 270 of them made it to the top. When he received the signal that they had reached the summit, it was the king’s turn to taunt Ariamazes. He told him to look up and see that his soldiers could indeed fly. That is how the fort fell into Alexander’s hands.

The Uzbek archaeologist E. Rtveladze has concluded that the Sogdian Rock offered asylum to Oxyartes’ family. He places the fort on the very border between Bactria and Sogdiana near the Iron Gates in the valley of the Shurob River, west of Derbent. This location is shared by Pierre Briant (Alexander the Great and his Empire), maybe also because archaeologists have recently found a Macedonian stone catapult ball near the Iron Gates on the Shurob River.

Shortly afterward, Alexander attacked the Chorienes Rock, also called the Rock of Sisimithres. Arrian and Curtius are not too helpful in placing events in the correct order and manage to jumble both attacks together. Frank Holt has closely studied the ancient writers and concludes that Arrian’s Rock of Chorienes seems to be that of Sisimithres mentioned by Curtius, Plutarch, and Strabo. At the same time, Arrian places Roxane in the context of the Rock of Sogdiana. Time-wise, this siege was set in the winter of 328/327 BC by some, but it seems more probable that spring was late and that Alexander experienced a sort of second winter in the early months of 327 BC. To make things even more complicated, Pierre Briant (Alexander the Great and his Empire) points out the location of three forts: The Kyrk-kyz or Rock of Chorienes, the Derbent-Sarymas or Rock of Ariamazes, and the Akrabat or Rock of Sisimithres. Moreover, a German-Uzbek archaeological team has recently located a fort whose oldest remains date from 328 BC, from Alexander’s days. The Kurganzol Fortress, as it is called, is located east of Derbent in Uzbekistan, but I couldn’t figure out if this fort matches one of the two or three known forts.    

       

We are sure that the citadel of Chorienes was no less formidable than that of Ariamazes. This stronghold took full advantage of the steep terrain, protected by a narrow defile and a raging river, reinforced by a strong wall. It was cramped with fugitives from other, less fortified places who sought protection. Alexander first attacked the fortified pass in the freezing cold with his battering rams. The second obstacle he faced was a deep ravine with a waterfall that he had to bridge. Once Alexander had made up his mind, nothing could stop him – we know that, but still. He organized the operation to take charge personally during the daytime, while his generals Perdiccas, Ptolemy, and Leonnatus took over at night. Round-the-clock work, which not only impresses us but, most of all, must have fascinated the rebels. The king had the ravine filled with a framework of piles and wickerwork filled with earth, slowly bringing him ever closer to the fortress level. Sooner or later, Sisimithres must have realized that he had no means to match the technology of his adversary; Alexander’s engineering and firing powers were more than he could take. The warlord was ready to parley with the king’s envoys. According to some sources, Oxyartes (Roxane's father), held captive after the Chorienes Rock was captured by Alexander’s forces, presently talked Sisimithres into surrendering.

At this stage of his conquests, the king treated the remaining Sogdian chieftains well. He may have executed Ariamazes and his kin, but he handled Oxyartes and others in a much milder way, often restoring the warlords to their ancestral position. It seems that Alexander finally rallied to the policy previously used by the Persian King, which consequently led to less opposition from the Sogdian side. During these fierce wintery times, supplies were short as the Macedonian army was caught in snow and freezing temperatures. Still, the recently conquered forts and their “commanders” readily shared their provisions. Chorienes alone offered a two-month’s ration for the entire army, distributing grain, wine, and dried meat from his storerooms. Arrian states that by this gesture, Chorienes had not even shared one-tenth of his provisions – something to think about, I would say.

Many more forts, generally less spectacular than these ones, must have been taken, but the Chorienes Rock signaled the beginning of a new era.

Around this time, Alexander must have laid eyes on Roxane, one of Oxyartes’ daughters, made captive with her family during the siege of the Sogdian Rock…

Click here to read Episode 12b of  Central Asia.