As I so often stated, the weather conditions are not
important for historians. We find only a few examples in Alexander's campaigns,
like the Monsoon in
Throughout their march from
Speaking
to one of the locals in
It is easy to imagine
how, in Alexander’s campsites, the army tents would collapse, banging
up the occupants. Frightened horses and pack animals would try to run if they
were not adequately secured by their attendants. When an earthquake hit the
troops on the march, they could immediately react accordingly.
Another natural threat
is the wind, which may not sound so dangerous, but the situation could be
life-threatening when it creates a storm.
This idea occurred to
me during my trip to
I
was plagued by a severe sandstorm that blew relentlessly during my three-day
journey. Visibility was very low as the sands from the
Inevitably my mind
drifted back to Alexander as he must have known
days like this. Traveling in the comfort of my air-conditioned vehicle was hard
enough. However, when I stepped outside of this protective shell, I had a taste
of what he experienced – if not here, certainly in other locations.
Curtius seems to be the only one to write about Alexander’s expeditions into the interior of
While we take bad
weather as a mere inconvenience, we cannot underestimate its far-reaching
impact. That became clear after reading The
Road to Oxiana by Robert Byron.
Byron traveled to
Byron is hit by what
he calls a burning dust-storm, a good one hundred miles east of
Wind, rain, and ice
are Byron’s main challenges. He attempted to drive south from Tehran
to Isfahan in early February but was stopped some ten miles out.
The road turned into a sheet of ice that partly thawed and had frozen again.
The scene must have been spectacular, for he writes, “At this moment the sun
rose, a twinkle of fire lit the snowy plain, the white range of the Elbruz was
suffused with blue and gold,” A beautiful picture but a horrible travel
condition.
A few days later, it
rained for twenty-four hours. Byron was still stopped in Tehran by a “deluge of rain” in the last days of April. As
he traveled further East via Damghan
to Mashed, a route that approximately matches Alexander’s, “the rain fell like a bath-waste. For miles at a
time the road was a river, the desert a flood, and every mountain a cataract.”
The roads turned into fast-flowing rivers.
In Spring, Byron eventually reached Herat and continued due East to Kunduz. On his road to Balkh, where Alexander made camp and wintered in 328 BC (see: A
view of the Karakum and Kyzylkum Deserts and Afrasiab,
ancient Samarkand), Byron describes how “the rain came down in
sheets. … every angle of the mountains was occupied by a cataract. … along that
narrow ledge whence the red pinnacles rose into the clouds above, and whole
ranges could be seen emerging from the clouds below…” A little further, he
continues by saying that “the color of the landscape changed from lead to
aluminum… The clumps of green trees, the fountain-shaped tufts of coarse
cutting grass, stood out almost black against this mortal tint”.
Mazar-i-Sharif fared much better in his last days of May. He
described how the clouds gathered on the mountains each afternoon, although
summer should have set in six weeks before. People said they had never
witnessed such conditions. The weather one hundred years ago was as
unpredictable as today. The rain that fell before Byron’s arrival in the city
was enough to close the road to Kabul for a whole month! An entire village had fallen down
in a nearby gorge. Just picture Alexander having
to cope with such extremes!
After Kunduz, Byron turned West, following the river of the same
name to the plain of Bamyan, crossing the stream nine or ten times over wooden
bridges. I doubt these bridges existed in Alexander’s
days when the army had to find a way through the water. In June, Byron heard
that a landslide blocked the other side of the Shibar
Pass. In fact, “heaps of
liquid mud and pebbles concealing large rocks.” The travel conditions became
increasingly drastic. “The crops below the road, already half destroyed by the
rivers of mud, were now menaced by a further spate.”
Alexander probably took this same road in the fall of 327 BC
when he left
The
crossings of the
Picking up Byron
again, we read how on the road from Kabul to Ghazni – which Alexander traveled
in the opposite direction to cross the Hindu Kush into Bactria – “two lorries
were completely wrecked by the stream … the Kunduz ferry has overturned and sunk, drowning five women.”
Reading
our history books, we are far from realizing that traveling or leading an army
was a dangerous enterprise. Not only because of the enemies that had to be
subdued but also because of the terrain and the weather conditions, which, as I
said above, were seldom mentioned or recorded.
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