Historical Sources in Translation, Alexander the Great by W. Heckel and J.C. Yardley

Historical Sources in Translation, Alexander the Great by W. Heckel and J.C. Yardley (ISBN 0631228217) is a true gem, not for those looking for a historical account of Alexander’s life but for whoever just wants to grasp a moment in time. Heckel and Yardley have researched many antiquity sources to present them to us in a handy succession of excerpts. What a job! Yet this is so terribly appealing if you are looking for that one date or event in Alexander’s thrilling life.

We know that his secretary, Eumenes of Cardia, kept official records while Alexander was still alive. Only fragments of those records have survived, and they seem to present a rather dull account of daily business with little military or political information. For that part, we have to refer to Callisthenes of Olynthus, but one may wonder how much truth there is in the propaganda he wrote to plead the Hellenistic cause and to please the Greeks at home.

More realistic are probably the accounts of Nearchus, Alexander’s general who commanded his fleet sailing from the Indus to Babylon, and those of Ptolemy, another of his generals who ruled over Egypt and lived to a blessed old age. But then there is Onesicritus of Astypalaea, who made the voyage with Nearchus and had his own version of this experience. These men all wrote while Alexander was still alive or shortly after that. Better known is Cleitarchus, who made use of texts from both Onesicritus and Nearchus, but in the end, it seems that most of the workable elements come from two men, Ptolemy and Aristobulus who told their version late in life - which makes us wonder how much they genuinely remember or believe to remember.

In any case, we are left with five extant historians of Alexander, which Heckel and Yardley use in their book. They are Diodorus Siculus, Curtius Rufus, Plutarch (later Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus), Arrian of Nicomedia, and Justin (Marcus Junianius Justinus), who summarized the work of Pompeius Trogus that is mostly lost.

In addition, Heckel and Yardley also have searched for relevant information from other authors. This list is a long one, and I won’t go into details but just name the sources: Aelian, Aristotle, Athenaeus of Naucratis, Cassius Clio, Cicero, Frontinus, Livy, Lucian, Pausanias, Pliny the Elder, Polyaenus, Polybius of Megalopolis, Stephanus of Byzantium, Strabo, Suetonius, and Valerius Maximus – i.e., geographers, tacticians, orators, and rhetoricians. Additionally, Heckel and Yardley consulted the Alexander Romance, The Metz and Heidelberg Epitomes, and the Itinerarium Alexandri (Itinerary of Alexander) of an unknown writer from about 340 AD.

It is evident that both Professors did their homework. I highly recommend this book to anyone wanting to investigate and explore Alexander’s character more in-depth. It is such a handy and pleasant tool to work with!

Also available as an ebook.